Business Policy Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Policy Concepts - Essay Example A good corporate strategy should integrate an organization's goals, policies, and action sequences (tactics) into a cohesive whole. The success of Japanese companies revealed implementation policies which appeared to be unique but have now been shown to be valid in many business environments, for example management by walking around (MBWA) proved to be a successful technique for Honda. Senior management's contacts with key people resulted in appropriate choice of policies and to the success of the company philosophy. This shows that corporate choice of strategy and implementation of that strategy involves many different concepts, theories and frameworks. An understanding of major choices of corporate policies and their advantages and disadvantages is critical to the understanding of business policy process {Johnson et al, 2005]. In a perfect world a strategy planned by the management will proceed according to plan and be implemented. Unfortunately any belief that strategy can be formulated on the basis of intended and deliberate actions to result in commercial success is far from the truth. This concept rules out any opportunity to adapt to a changing market situation. In a number of cases a situation may develop where incremental changes in the strategy may result in a more advantageous position for the company. This is a positive example of strategic drift. A preplanned and formulated strategy also assumes an organization to be homogeneous where management decisions from the top can be implemented in full. In practice the decisions are effected by power behavior, cultural and political factors. Quinn [cited in Peppard et al, 1996] argued that strategy develops incrementally as a result of decision made due to developing market situations and other organizational experiences. This strategic drift results in a course which is often significantly different from formal planning. Drift in strategic planning is a fact of organizational strategy. It does not mean that strategic policy making is a useless process as it will eventually drift into something new. It only recognizes that changes often become necessary due to extraneous factors and require adjustments to the strategy to keep the broader strategy on course. Porter's 5 Forces Porter's five forces is a useful tool for analyzing the factors impacting on strategy formulation. [Porter, 1980] identified forces that impact every business. The objective of the strategy is to use these competing forces to result in a positive impact on the business. These forces identified by Porter are the driving forces of the industry. The strategy analysis thus analyses the impact of these forces on a particular business and how to minimize the impact of the negative forces and maximize the benefits of the positive forces. The five forces are: 1. The threat of new entrants 2. Bargaining power of suppliers 3. Bargaining power

Issues Relating To the Management of People in Multinational Essay - 2

Issues Relating To the Management of People in Multinational Enterprises - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that in the multinational enterprise, managers are often expatriates that come from a home country to a foreign nation to guide and control the business. When this occurs, there is often a culture clash between foreign workers and the expatriate manager especially when their values and attitudes are very different. Also in the multinational enterprise, there are existing organizational cultures that have set norms which are often different from those of foreign management. This makes it hard to align organizational objectives with satisfying employee needs in a way that is productive and effective. Wal-Mart is a major multinational firm. It currently operates in the UK, the United States, China and approximately ten other nations. It is common for Wal-Mart managers to be recruited as expatriates when the business acquires other retailers in a foreign country or when foreign direct investment (FDI) is a good market entry strategy. Wal-Mart, in the UK and United States, has built a solid organizational culture where all members operate as a team. It is a type of family structure where employees are rewarded for their efforts and given bonuses for achieving organizational goals. This is known as management-by-objectives which is a transactional leadership style. Antonakis, Avolio, and Sivasubramaniam call this style the process of setting desired performance targets and then giving rewards for employees that meet these goals. When Wal-Mart entered the Canadian market, the organization tried to build a similar, family-style organizational culture that works rather well in the UK and the United States. However, the firm’s HR leaders realized very quickly that Canadian work culture was very different from these countries. Canadian workers and consumers are very conservative socially.

Strategies of Infosys Technologies Ltd

Strategies of Infosys Technologies Ltd Strategic management Strategic management defines the art of planning the business to the positive level. It is the duty of the companys leader to make an effective strategic plan. Strategic management focuses on building a solid underlying structure to the business Strategic management relies on three important factors: 1. Businesss objectives? 2. Ways to achieve those objectives? 3. Resources required to achieve those business objectives Strategic management helps in allocating right amount of resources to the different parts of business so that those resources will help achieve the strategic goals. The workers should be provided with necessary training, all information, data and work process are tested. This would help the organisation lead in a successful path, organisation needs are met, the work are aligned together enabling companies to move up in facing to new changes and competition Leadership Peter Drucker: The only definition of a leader is someone who has followers. To gain followers requires influence but doesnt exclude the lack of integrity in achieving this. Indeed, it can be argued that several of the worlds greatest leaders have lacked integrity and have adopted values that would not be shared by many people today. John C Maxwell : leadership is influence nothing more, nothing less. This moves beyond the position defining the leader, to looking at the ability of the leader to influence others both those who would consider themselves followers, and those outside that circle. Leader is one who leads the others, either in right way or the wrong way, that all depends on the leader. Leadership qualities are inbuilt which should be developed, good leadership is easier to practice in an organization. Good leadership requires deep human qualities. In todays world good leaders are made and they act as enabling force in developing people and organization. Leadership qualities help in achieving peoples needs and organisational needs. Effective leadership requires good attitudes and behaviours which relate to humanity. Leadership involves decision making and actions, leaders are one important person because they have unique responsibility towards people and organisation. They should acquire skills and knowledge to perform organisational activities. They should be strong by emotion and behaviour characters this would help in understanding and resolving employee issues The strategic management and leadership are deeply aligned with each others, if both are taken in right path it would lead to organisation success. Today in this competitive world the number 1 companies of all sectors is because of the effective leadership and strategic management. Both these are like eyes of an organisation one cannot survive without the other. For example the worlds richest man Carlos slim is one good example for leadership and good strategic management; he has 90% of the telecom sector in Mexico. He is the leader and he planned in such a way that the organization has grown from a initial stage, step by step it attained gradual growth and now it is well known in the world, there are so many organisation which were very popular and now they do not have an existence; do you think why it happened to those organisation, it is because it could be a change in the leader or could be a poor strategic management. There are occasions where bankrupt organisations rise up in t he market this also happens because of the leader and strategic management. 1.2 1.3 The role of leadership in management is largely determined by the Organizational culture of the company. It said that managers belief, values and assumptions are critical importance to the overall style of leadership that they adopt. There are different leadership style that can be identified Within each of the following management techniques. Autocratic The word Autocratic itself defines self oriented, the leader him self is the decision maker, he dominates his team members, he always uses force to achieve objectives, this type of leadership approach will result to resistance from team members, the team members will find it hard to cooperate with the leader because the leader will have a continual pressure on his team members to get the output. This type of approach is carried by many leaders I the organisation, as far as people has done a research on leadership style and it was said this leadership style is not a good way to get things done, even though it is practices in many places it yields a good result. Lassie faire This leadership style has little or no control on his ream members, it reflects that the leader is no way bothered about the result or the team members, the team member have to perform their roles and duties, they need to tackle upon the difficult situation without the leader, the team members will perform to an extent because they do have little motivation and direction. This kind of leadership style is effective when people are subject matter expertise, highly motivated and skilled people. The leaders will not set any goal for them, they need to create their own and work towards achieving it. Democratic The word democracy defines for the people, by the people and of the people, many countries in the world follow democratic type of rule, similarly organisational Leaders follow democratic leadership style, here leaders make decision by consulting his team members because each one think differently from different perspective, here the leader has possibilities where in he could pick the best choice or upgrade his ideas based on the feedback given by his team members but still he gains control over the team. The team members will decide how the task be completed who will be the right person, here there are possibilities of identifying the strength of each and every Individual, here participation will be one main aspect, team bonding, group work, group discussion and equal delegation of work is possible, team can perform well in this case. Although every thing happens in team the responsibility of the result or output will affect the team leader. Motivation and direction will be an important factor of this leadership style. Today most of the corporate, software and BPO industries in the world follow this kind of leadership style and I believe this as the most successful leadership style. Transactional The leader sets some standards for every individual, the follower or the individual is rated based on the performance standard. This is basically set in every organisation for every department. This leadership style is useful to analyse the performance review and rate the employees Transformational This leadership style creates a change in every individual, it has the ability to inspire and motivate employees to achieve new heights, this style depends only on the leader. This leadership is successful when the leaders decision is right. Charismatic This leadership style creates a positive approach in an environment, the leader is been inspired by the team member, here the leader is considered friendly, easy approachable, the team members will have a great opinion on the leader, the team members would walk with the team leaders opinion. This type of leaders are the most successful in the organisation. They bring change to environment in the organisation and people in the organisation Visionary This leadership style focuses on the future, it is a kind of prediction, and they work on attaining the organisational objectives. They put focus on where they are and what they want to be. They work to attain the future goals. Background of the company Infosys Technologies Ltd. was started in 1981 by 7 people with USD 250. Today, we are a global leader in the next generation of IT and consulting with revenues of US$ 5.7 billion. Infosys defines, designs and delivers technology-enabled business solutions that help Global 2000 companies. Infosys also provides a complete range of services by leveraging our domain and business expertise and strategic alliances leading technology providers. Infosys pioneered the global delivery model (GDM), which emerged as a disruptive force in the industry leading to the rise of offshore outsourcing. The GDM is based on the principle of taking work to the location where the best talent is available, where it makes the best economic sense, with the least amount of acceptable risk. Infosys has a global footprint with 65 offices and 59 development centers in India, China, Australia, the Czech Republic, Poland, the UK, Canada and Japan. Infosys and its subsidiaries have 127,779 employees as on December 31, 2010. Infosys takes pride in building strategic long-term client relationships. Over 97% of revenues come from existing customers (FY 10). This organisation Infosys has different leadership style. They do follow autocratic, democratic, lassie faire, transactional, transformational and visionary leadership styles. Autocratic: There are certain departments in Infosys where in they follow autocratic style. This depends on how the process is to be done. They get instructions from their clients to work on a project, the leader delegates the work to their team members. The team members works on the project and completes it as per the instruction from their leader. Democratic: The IT sector of Infosys has several project, they work on the home page and navigating page of some web pages like Google, twitter etc. here the leader asks for the suggestion from the team members, upon debate and discussion and acceptance from team members and team leader, the project continues. Lassie faire: The team leaders give their deal line to their subordinates to work on the project. If suppose the deadline is a month they do not care for the first 20 days, the 21st day they have a check on the team member, then he cares on the work and at the final stage the work will be completed. Transformational: The team leader delegates work to every individual, a team member may be specialist in programmer, but he delegate the work to other person in the tea and delegate the coding work to the specialist in the programmer, there are possibilities where the team member will learn all sectors of their project, in other part he may get vexed because he is been allotted with some work which he is not related to. Charismatic: We could see several managers in our concern, they have a good understanding about their team members. The leaders know who their members are and what could they do. In similar way the team members understands their leader because the leader would have approached them in a friendly manner apart from leader, the leader inspires them in every aspect so the team member would do anything for them in terms of work.This method of leadership is carried out in every organisation. Even though every employee has dissatisfaction in their job they do it ether they have to do it or for the sake to save their leader from problems. 2.1 2.2 The role of leadership in management is largely determined by the organizational culture of the company. It said that managers belief, values and assumptions are critical importance to the overall style of leadership that they adopt. There are different leadership style that can be identified within each of the following management techniques. Autocratic The word Autocratic itself defines self oriented, the leader him self is the decision maker, he dominates his team members, he always uses force to achieve objectives, this type of leadership approach will result to resistance from team members, the team members will find it hard to cooperate with the leader because the leader will have a continual pressure on his team members to get the output. This type of approach is carried by many leaders I the organisation, as far as people has done a research on leadership style and it was said this leadership style is not a good way to get things done, even though it is practices in many places it yields a good result. Lassie faire This leadership style has little or no control on his ream members, it reflects that the leader is no way bothered about the result or the team members, the team member have to perform their roles and duties, they need to tackle upon the difficult situation without the leader, the team members will perform to an extent because they do have little motivation and direction. This kind of leadership style is effective when people are subject matter expertise, highly motivated and skilled people. The leaders will not set any goal for them, they need to create their own and work towards achieving it. Democratic The word democracy defines for the people, by the people and of the people, many countries in the world follow democratic type of rule, similarly organisational Leaders follow democratic leadership style, here leaders make decision by consulting his team members because each one think differently from different perspective, here the leader has possibilities where in he could pick the best choice or upgrade his ideas based on the feedback given by his team members but still he gains control over the team. The team members will decide how the task be completed who will be the right person, here there are possibilities of identifying the strength of each and every Individual, here participation will be one main aspect, team bonding, group work, group discussion and equal delegation of work is possible, team can perform well in this case. Although every thing happens in team the responsibility of the result or output will affect the team leader. Motivation and direction will be an important factor of this leadership style. Today most of the corporate, software and BPO industries in the world follow this kind of leadership style and I believe this as the most successful leadership style. Transactional The leader sets some standards for every individual, the follower or the individual is rated based on the performance standard. This is basically set in every organisation for every department. This leadership style is useful to analyse the performance review and rate the employees Transformational This leadership style creates a change in every individual, it has the ability to inspire and motivate employees to achieve new heights, this style depends only on the leader. This leadership is successful when the leaders decision is right. Charismatic This leadership style creates a positive approach in an environment, the leader is been inspired by the team member, here the leader is considered friendly, easy approachable, the team members will have a great opinion on the leader, the team members would walk with the team leaders opinion. This type of leaders are the most successful in the organisation. They bring change to environment in the organisation and people in the organisation Visionary This leadership style focuses on the future, it is a kind of prediction, and they work on attaining the organisational objectives. They put focus on where they are and what they want to be. They work to attain the future goals. Background of the company Infosys Technologies Ltd. was started in 1981 by 7 people with USD 250. Today, we are a global leader in the next generation of IT and consulting with revenues of US$ 5.7 billion. Infosys defines, designs and delivers technology-enabled business solutions that help Global 2000 companies. Infosys also provides a complete range of services by leveraging our domain and business expertise and strategic alliances leading technology providers. Infosys pioneered the global delivery model (GDM), which emerged as a disruptive force in the industry leading to the rise of offshore outsourcing. The GDM is based on the principle of taking work to the location where the best talent is available, where it makes the best economic sense, with the least amount of acceptable risk. Infosys has a global footprint with 65 offices and 59 development centers in India, China, Australia, the Czech Republic, Poland, the UK, Canada and Japan. Infosys and its subsidiaries have 127,779 employees as on December 31, 2010. Infosys takes pride in building strategic long-term client relationships. Over 97% of revenues come from existing customers (FY 10). This organisation Infosys has different leadership style. They do follow autocratic, democratic, lassie faire, transactional, transformational and visionary leadership styles. Autocratic: There are certain departments in Infosys where in they follow autocratic style. This depends on how the process is to be done. They get instructions from their clients to work on a project, the leader delegates the work to their team members. The team members works on the project and completes it as per the instruction from their leader. Democratic: The IT sector of Infosys has several project, they work on the home page and navigating page of some web pages like Google, twitter etc. here the leader asks for the suggestion from the team members, upon debate and discussion and acceptance from team members and team leader, the project continues. Lassie faire: The team leaders give their deal line to their subordinates to work on the project. If suppose the deadline is a month they do not care for the first 20 days, the 21st day they have a check on the team member, then he cares on the work and at the final stage the work will be completed. Transformational: The team leader delegates work to every individual, a team member may be specialist in programmer, but he delegate the work to other person in the tea and delegate the coding work to the specialist in the programmer, there are possibilities where the team member will learn all sectors of their project, in other part he may get vexed because he is been allotted with some work which he is not related to. Charismatic: We could see several managers in our concern, they have a good understanding about their team members. The leaders know who their members are and what could they do. In similar way the team members understands their leader because the leader would have approached them in a friendly manner apart from leader, the leader inspires them in every aspect so the team member would do anything for them in terms of work. This method of leadership is carried out in every organisation. Even though every employee has dissatisfaction in their job they do it ether they have to do it or for the sake to save their leader from problems. CONTINGENCY THEORY Every leader has different working style and he is contingent to situational factors, capabilities and behaviour of their team members. This theory provides perspective and management based on the priority, it started with the dependency, depending on the people needs and requirement this concept came into existence, this would give a brief of which material is required and which is not required by the people. So the organisation with the contingency theory can work on the requirement. Task 3 3.1 3.2 Globalisation: Effective management and leadership are two most important factors of an organisation, many organisation fail because of the poor leadership, in this global world two third of employers admit that they have poor leadership development. Today in this global market, a leader with good leadership qualities are welcomed every part of the world, there are some disadvantages because they do not have their own customer base, the customers are worldwide and they have to serve every customers, same way competition plays a major part on the opportunity, relocation of employees also happens because of globalisation, it is the business knowledge, awareness, understanding cultural difference, commitment towards job, personal and professional integrity which makes an individual a good leader. The management recruits or looks for those kind of person in leadership role Ethics and corporation: Leader is also a human like others, the reason being he has developed certain qualities; people rate the behaviours such as performance management and personal management. More over the leader should treat his followers fair with ethics; he has to enhance employee management more than performance management. Treatment of all employees fair and equal, easy approachable, keeps on his commitment, no favourites, supports employees and appreciates when does a good job, supports personal development of employees, ongoing feedback in business. These are the key aspects where in the manager or a leader should possess. Corporate social responsibility Organisational operations are of two types inner circle and outer circle, inner circle is the process that happens within the people and the process i.e the quality of the management, the other one deals with the outer world, in what ways the society and the outer stakeholders look at the organisation, mostly people look at the outer part how has the company done in terms of product and services, how it is been familiar within people based on environment and workforce, its financial analysis and focus on the future. When the organisation grew the people in the organisation should grew with good change in the economic and environment changes to the society, many organisation in this country follow CSR to advertise themselves to the market and would like to get interest in people and stakeholders Merger and acquisition Merger is merging one organisation with the other and acquisition in acquiring or controlling another organisation, this happens to enlarge its business in the global market, quality staffs with good knowledge about the market, when one business is underperforming so to lift up merger or acquisition takes place, to increase the customer base, to make production and provide service, to be one among the competitive organisations of the world. Apart from this there are even certain disadvantages that could take place because of merger and acquisition, things go wrong when nothing happens as expected. 3.3 We are not now as we were 20 years ago, day by day everything changes but we could not realise it now, when we look after years we could see everything has changed, similarly our planet is changing with change in countrys economy, standards, and way of living. Even the organisational structure changes with change in leaders, the leaders should be distinct with their attitudes, they are the one who are going to deceide on the future, their decision affects them as well as their followers, so he should be good in knowledge, personal and professional skills, he shouls be trained in all aspects of the organisation, deision making and problem solving. These attitudes will create a change in the working environment and that would lead the organisation to a successful path. 4.1 4.2 Leaders are the one who leads others, they know more than the followers because they are going to lead them, in order to lead them the leader should be well trained in all aspects, the organisation should provide training through professionals, course that would be useful in implementing it in organisation, seminars and workshop, which can provide some experience for the leaders. Formal learning: Formal learning is usual training that is provided to the leaders in educating them about the specifications, formal training differs as per the persons. Self help Self help is improving from one point to other without the help of others, here we need to understand who we are and what needs to be done in improving ourselves. Development activities Training, courses, job rotation, executive coaching, monitoring, reading article etc are some of the development activities that takes place in every Organisation, the leader should be trained on one or more aspects, if he undergoes such development activities he would attain certain leadership skills, that could be executed in his professional career, he could understand the followers attitude and mentality and help them when required, if possible he could train them with these qualities and make them a future leader. My leader at Infosys was amazing, he understands his team members and cope up with them during hard situations, he undergoes training that are allocated to him by the organisation and training that are done by leading professionals in the market, he wasted to educate him self in all aspects, reading books, browsing through web and listening to speech made by top man in every organisations, he allocates himself in every job shifts giving equal importance to every individual in team and monitoring them. These methods shape in every individual with required development in leadership skills. sdjbsj 1.1 link http://www.teal.org.uk/leadership/definition.htm 1.3 http://www.infosys.com/about/what-we-do/pages/index.aspx

Writing from the Center: The New York Times and the Florida Election Dispute :: Essays Papers

Writing from the Center: The New York Times and the Florida Election Dispute The result of the 2000 Presidential election was one of the most closely contested elections in our nation’s history. Soon after the polls closed, it became apparent that the final tally between the Democratic candidate Al Gore and the Republican candidate George W. Bush would be extremely close. Network news programs broadcast on election night well into the next morning as one candidate, then the other, seemed to gain the advantage. As the election results became more distinct, however, attention turned to Florida, where less than one thousand votes separated the candidates, with Bush enjoying a tenuous lead. Over the next few weeks the Florida election dispute went through several Byzantine twists and turns, with the Gore team pushing for—and in some cases getting—recounts of Gore‑friendly counties, and the Bush forces feverishly working to declare the whole matter settled and Bush the new President of the United States. Finally, in early December, the matter went to the United States Supreme Court. The Court decided in Bush v. Gore that there were insufficient grounds for continuing the recount process and in effect declared Bush the next President. The mainstream media—including The New York Times—were fixated with the entire electoral drama, with the story usually given the lead slot on the evening news or the front page of the newspaper. Yet after the Court handed down its decision, this coverage virtually ceased except for a cursory analysis of the Court’s decision. There was little attempt to question the basis of the Court’s ruling, or whether Gore would have had sufficient votes to achieve victory had a recount been allowed to proceed. Why? The answer, it seems, lies in the â€Å"centrist† bias of The New York Times. Jeff Cohen, the executive director of Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting has argued that mainstream media outlets such as The New York Times emphasize â€Å"syst em supporting news† that focuses on how well â€Å"the system works† in resolving difficult situations, rather than questioning the wisdom of the system itself.1 By comparing how the Times portrayed the aftermath of the Court decision with the coverage given by media outlets on the left (The Nation, Extra!) and outlets on the right (The National Review) we will be able to see the â€Å"centrist† bias of the Times and its editorial mandate to preserve the authority and status of â€Å"the system.

Symbolism and Religious Drama: T.S. Eliot’s Murder in the Cathedral

In 1163, a quarrel began between the British King Henry II and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket. The men had been good friends, but each felt that his interests should be of primary concern to the nation and that the other should acquiesce to his demands. Becket fled to France in 1164 in order to rally support from the Catholic French for his cause and also sought an audience with the Pope. After being officially (although not personally) reconciled with the King, Becket returned to England in 1170, only to be murdered as he prayed in Canterbury Cathedral by four of Henry's Knights. Three years later, he was canonized and pilgrims—Henry among them—have made their way to his tomb ever since. The allure of such a story for a dramatist is obvious: there is a great conflict between human and divine power, a strong central character and a number of complicated spiritual issues to be found in his death. In 1935, T. S. Eliot answered this â€Å"calling† to compose a play for that year's Canterbury Festival; the result was a work that revitalized verse drama—a form that had not been widely employed for almost three hundred years. Critics praised Eliot's use of verse and ability to invest a past historical event with modern issues and themes, such as the ways in which lay persons react to the intrusion of the supernatural in their daily lives. In part because it is a religious drama which appeared long after such plays were popular, Murder in the Cathedral is still performed, studied, and regarded as one of Eliot's major works, a testament to his skill as a poet and dramatist. In its assessment of Eliot's importance to modern English literature, A Literary History of England argues that a shift from despair to hope-a change from â€Å"the ‘inert resignation' of those who breathe the small, dry air of modern spiritual emptiness† to something more positive and potentially transcendent-can first be detected in Eliot's â€Å"Ash-Wednesday† (1930), â€Å"of which the theme is the search for peace found in humble and quiet submission to God's Will†. This theme, clearly an expression of the Anglo-Catholicism Eliot embraced during his life, appears again throughout Murder in the Cathedral. It informs and breathes through the entire text of the play, as the commentary above has demonstrated. In Murder in the Cathedral, the â€Å"inert resignation† of modern life manifests itself in the Chorus' refusal to embrace transcendence: the women of Canterbury are content to go on â€Å"living and partly living. † As they state, even imploringly to Becket, on several occasions, they â€Å"do not wish anything to happen. They do not want the wheel of God's pattern to begin turning. As do all moderns in Eliot's estimation, they â€Å"fear the injustice of men less than the justice of God. † They are not ready to live, as Becket was, â€Å"out of time. â€Å"Yet, through Becket as he portrays him, Eliot forcefully argues that such transcendence must be achieved. In keeping with biblical testimony about the nature of spir itual power versus temporal power, however, Eliot posits that transcendence cannot be achieved by force. It arises, not through utilitarian machinations (such as those the Four Tempters propose to Becket in Part I), but by, in the Literary History's words, â€Å"humble and quiet submission to God's Will. † As Becket himself declares, â€Å"I give my life / To the Law of God above the Law of Man. † His triumphant affirmation of faith echoes the words of the New Testament: â€Å"Whether it is right in God's sight to listen to you rather than to God, you must judge; for we cannot keep from speaking about what we have seen and heard† (Acts 4:19-20); or again, â€Å"Do you not know that friendship with the world is enmity with God? (James 4:4). Only by valuing â€Å"friendship†-i. e. , a total alignment of mind and soul and will-with the spiritual, with God, over such friendship with the world or the temporal order of the status quo, can â€Å"peace†-that elusive goal referred to throughout the play: in Becket's fragile relationship with King Henry; as Bec ket's greeting to the Chorus in Parts I and II; as the turning of God's wheel of providence-be found. In this way, the themes of Murder in the Cathedral aptly crystallize the themes of Eliot's own life-long work. The wheel was a symbol, in medieval times, of the â€Å"wheel of life† or the â€Å"wheel of fortune,† â€Å"which never stands still, being constantly subject to the turns of fate† (Dictionary of Symbolism, p. 379). No doubt Eliot draws on these ancient associations in his text's multiple references to the wheel, but he also subverts them by stating that, in fact, the wheel of fate-or, in Eliot's Anglo-Catholic worldview, of God's providence and plan for history-has in fact been standing still during Becket's seven-year absence from Canterbury. As discussed earlier, the length of Becket's exile is itself of metaphorical importance, since seven symbolizes totality and completeness. ) Becket's task is to set the wheel turning again: to take his part, willingly and completely, in God's â€Å"pattern† (another word-image that occurs frequently in the text) so that the wheel can resume turning and that â€Å"peace† can replace the mere existence of â₠¬Å"living and partly living. â€Å"The seasons also carry symbolic freight in Eliot's play. The most notable example is the Chorus' invocations of the passage of the seasons at the beginning of Part I and then at the end of Part II. At the beginning of the play, the passing seasons are in actuality one long season of waiting, one endless Advent. But by the play's end, after Becket's martyrdom, the seasons in their cycle have become part of human beings: â€Å"Even in us the voices of seasons . praise Thee. † Eliot's use of seasonal imagery will no doubt remind readers of his work in The Waste Land (1922). That epic poem's first line, â€Å"April is the cruelest month,† reinforces the poem's dominant mood of pessimism in the face of what Eliot sees as the moral and spiritual bankruptcy of the then still-young twentieth century. As in Murder in the Cathedral, the passage of the seasons in The Waste Land is not a healthy cycle of life, death, and rebirth. Life has become stuck in â€Å"living and partly living. † Still, even The Waste Land was â€Å"not merely a poem of despair of the present but of hope and promise for the future, since at the close the thunder speaks, foretelling the coming of the life-giving rain† (Baugh, p. 586). In a similar way, Murder in the Cathedral ends in hope-although more tempered by a realization of humanity's reluctance and inability to, in Becket's words, â€Å"bear too much reality. † Still, the â€Å"redemption† of the seasons is an important symbolic motif in the play, as it was in Eliot's earlier work. Becket's retur n to Canterbury is clearly framed in terms that allude to Jesus' â€Å"Palm Sunday† entrance into Jerusalem. For example, the Messenger's description of how the crowds are greeting the returning Becket-â€Å"with scenes of frenzied enthusiasm, / Lining the road and throwing down their capes, / Strewing the way with leaves and late flowers of the season†-is surely intended to remind Eliot's audience of Jesus' so-called â€Å"triumphal entry† into the holy city of Jerusalem on Palm Sunday: â€Å"Many people spread their cloaks on the road, and others spread leafy branches that they had cut in the fields† (Mark 11:8; see also parallels in Matthew 21 and Luke 19). In some Christian liturgical traditions, Palm Sunday is also called â€Å"Passion Sunday,† to indicate that it is the beginning of Jesus' sufferings. Thus, Eliot strongly associates Becket's â€Å"triumphal entry† into Canterbury with Jesus' â€Å"triumphal entry† into Jerusalem-a seeming victory procession that leads to martyrdom and death, and can therefore be considered victorious only in hindsight, through the eyes of faith, on the far side of resurrection. (A further allusion to the Palm Sunday narrative, incidentally, occurs when the second priest tells the women to keep silent, earning himself a rebuke from Becket. In a similar way, Jesus rebuked the religious authorities of his day for ordering the crowds who welcomed him to keep silence: Jesus told them, â€Å"I tell you, if these were silent, the stones would shout out† [Luke 19:40]. ) Overall, these parallels are meant to establish Becket as a salvific Christ-figure whose death will bring the blessing of transcendence to humanity. As Eliot wrote in Becket's Christmas sermon, mourning and rejoicing (note the repeated refrain, â€Å"Rejoice we all, keeping holy day†) commingle at Christmas; birth and death jostle for worshipers' attention; martyrdom-witness-takes precedence in the church's marking of the time. Understanding the significance of these three festival days increases our appreciation of the martyr's purpose, as exemplified in Becket's own death: to make transcendence available to human. The titular hero of the biblical book of Daniel, who remains steadfast to God (in the context of Eliot's dichotomy, read: spiritual) in the face of pressures to assimilate to a pagan (read: temporal) culture. Ezekiel 14:14, 20 also praise Daniel as an exemplar of righteousness, even as Becket is as he faces death. Ironically, of course, Daniel, according to the Bible, was delivered from the lions' den as a consequence of his faithfulness to God. No such physical deliverance awaits Becket. The archbishop does, however, seem to mirror the attitude of Daniel's three friends Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, who, faced with death in a fiery furnace for refusing to worship an idol, declared, â€Å"If our God whom we serve is able to deliver us. let him deliver us. But if not, be it known to you, O king that we will not serve your gods. † (Daniel 3:17-18). Becket, like Daniel's friends, is ready to die for God (the spiritual): â€Å"Do with me as you will† (p. 76). Thus, the knights' invocation of Daniel at this point in the text creates a wealth of allusive value that illuminates Eliot's themes. The impending moment of Becket's martyrdom takes on an existential significance as the Chorus reflects upon what awaits humanity after death. The Chorus identifies Death s â€Å"God's silent servant,† and acknowledges, in orthodox fashion, that Judgment awaits mortals â€Å"behind the face of Death. † The Chorus then, however, strikes a decidedly unorthodox tone in affirming that â€Å"behind Judgment [is] the Void, more horrid than active shapes of hell† (p. 71). In terms that again echo Eliot's earlier work, The Waste Land, the Chorus describes this Void as: â€Å"Emptiness, absence, separation from God; / The horro r of the effortless journey, to the empty land / Which is no land, only emptiness, absence, the Void. † (p. 71). Ironically, however, it is this very â€Å"Void,† free of distraction, with no opportunity to avoid a truthful gazing upon oneself, that Becket is embracing in choosing to die a martyr's death. This speech of the Chorus thus seems to emphasize, once more, a distinction in Eliot's mind between men like Becket-the â€Å"saints† who cause the wheel of God's pattern in time to turn-and ordinary mortals, who are content-even though they deny it! -to merely exist, to be only and always in Advent, only and always waiting, only and always â€Å"living and partly living. † Truly, we cannot bear too much reality! We do not wish to stare into the void, the abyss. But Eliot, like other existential thinkers of the twentieth century, understand that peering into that abyss is fundamentally a salvific, liberating act, signified in Eliot's play by the â€Å"saving† consequences of Becket's death for a world that would rather not be saved. Character profilesThe Chorus is an unspecified number of Canterbury's women, is a corporate character serving the same purposes as does the chorus in Greek drama: to develop and, more importantly, to comment on the action of the play. The women's initial speech fairly defines their dramaturgic role: â€Å"We are forced to bear witness. † And yet this chorus, like its ancient Greek predecessors, is no mere, dispassionate, objective â€Å"eyewitness†; rather, it is a witness bearing testimony to truth-almost as in a legal proceeding, but that analogy fails to capture the nature of the testimony the chorus offers. In commenting upon the action of Thomas Becket's murder, the women are voicing insights into, reflections on, and conclusions about time, destiny, and life and death. In the end, they emerge as representatives of ordinary people-such as those who make up the audience of the play, or its readership-people who, mired in and having settled for an existence of â€Å"living and partly living,† are unable to greet transcendence when it is offered to them. As they state in the play's final moments, not everyone can bear the â€Å"loneliness, surrender, deprivation† necessary to become a saint. Not all can be saints-but all can pray for their intercession. Thomas Becket is the Archbishop of Canterbury, former Chancellor to King Henry II, now estranged from the monarch because he insists upon the right of the Church to rule in spiritual matters-a rule that, in practice, has ramifications for how the king ought to rule in temporal matters. Unlike the Chorus, Becket is able to stare into the existential abyss-that â€Å"Void† behind death and judgment, mentioned in Part II, that is â€Å"more horrid than active shapes of hell. Becket is often accused of pride in the play, but he is actually humble in submitting himself completely to the will of God as he comprehends it. His death offers a glimpse of how transcendence can be achieved: the only question that remains is whether the rest of humanity is able to trace the same path, to â€Å"give [its] life / To the Law of God above the Law of Man. â€Å"The Four Tempters present Becket, in Part I of the drama, with various ways of avoiding his impending death as a martyr. Their temptations correlate, to one degree or another, with the justifications of Becket's assassination offered to the audience by The Four Knights at the end of the play. In a prefatory note to the play's third edition (1937), Eliot indicated that the roles of the Tempters had been intended to be doubled-that is, played by the same actors-as the roles of the Knights, thus underscoring the connection between the two quartets in an even stronger fashion. The Three Priests serve the (admittedly little) dramatic action of Eliot's play, particularly in Part II, when they urge Becket to bar the doors of the Cathedral against the knights-although they characterize them as savage beasts-who seek his life. They could thus be seen as representing the temporal order: indeed, Becket at one point accuses them of thinking only as the world does-â€Å"You argue by results, as this world does. † On the other hand, the Priests also are capable of offering insight into the spiritual order. For example, the Third Priest affirms the Church's endurance in the face of world built on the ruins of the presumed absence of God; and earlier, he offers a key interpretive insight by stating, â€Å"Even now, in sordid particulars / The eternal design may appear. † Like so many of us, then, the priests have one foot, so to speak, in the spiritual and the other in the temporal; and they struggle to balance the two orders as best they can, as do we all. Unfortunately, according to the argument of Eliot's drama, there can ultimately be no balancing: peace-that is to say, transcendence-is to be found only in the complete submission to God's design, God's pattern, God's wheel of providence. Mortals, say both Jesus and Eliot, cannot serve two masters-and so the Priests are fundamentally impotent, unable to do anything but to pray to God with heavy reliance upon the intercession of Saint Becket, as they, in their own way but like the Chorus, go on â€Å"living and partly living. â€Å"

How Computers Are Essential in Criminal Justice Field

Computers take part in a big role in the Criminal Justice Field. So far computers have allowed us to make it accessible for witnesses to go through and look for a suspect's picture on the screen. Computers have enabled us to be able to do DNA testing. Which now only takes the labs a short time to process, and finding criminals from cases 15+ years ago can now be charged for their actions. There are laptop computers in police vehicles; therefore, police officers can look up information right then and there instead of having to wait until they get back to the station. Some cars even have the wireless Internet connection that goes through satellite which allows them to do even greater things. Computers have also allowed the use of fingerprinting to expand. Agencies can now take someone’s fingerprints and send them through the computer and find out if they are linked to any other cases going on at the time, or any other cases in the past. A computer forensic scientist or technician is still considered a cutting edge profession in the criminal justice field. With the increase of cybercrime, cyberterrorism, identity theft, and Internet child predators, computer forensic scientists are needed to track seemingly traceless criminals. Computer forensic scientists work with law enforcement officials, legal teams, independent companies and the government to conduct investigations, retrieve evidence and sometimes even testify in court. Computer forensic scientists are in high demand because they need to have a very thorough, practical knowledge of computers, networks, hacking, data retrieval, information security, and computer surveillance, as well as criminal justice concepts like confidentiality, privacy laws, evidence handling and more. Generally, computer forensic scientists are supervised during their work by a forensic scientist, and they must have the ability to work well in stressful situations. Depending on the casework, these professionals may also encounter irregular schedules and long overtime hours. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that the job outlook for computer forensic investigators will be excellent for the next several years. This prediction is for self-employed investigators as well as those employed by a firm. Investigators who work on their own will enjoy more flexibility, but may make far less or far more than they would in a firm. Salary for self-employed investigators varies on their geographic location, experience and number of clients. You can read also King v Cogdon Firms offer more stability and usually provide benefits like paid vacation and health insurance. The average salary reported in 2006 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics was $33,750 for private investigators, although those in the computer forensics field generally earn higher salaries. The median range for private investigators settled between $24,180 and $47,740. Computer forensic scientists and investigators are expected to be highly educated professionals, so a bachelor’s degree is required. A Master’s degree in a field like computer science of criminal justice can be extremely beneficial to acquiring the top level jobs, as students in these programs will learn about all the cutting edge technologies, systems and concepts needed to succeed in computer forensics. A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory for data storage, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control element that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out. A computer's processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read, manipulate and then store data. Conditional instructions change the sequence of instructions as a function of the current state of the machine or its environment . The first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as â€Å"computers†. However, the embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous. In the global village called the internet, not everyone plays nice. You always hear of the word â€Å"hack†. It is mostly used in relation to invading of computers. Most of these are not entirely true but computer network systems do get hacked. If and when it does happen, it usually involves something sinister. Even employees of companies do engage in snooping or to use our favorite word, hacking. The birth of the internet has led to more of this. Anyone can be anything online. This is why fraud, phishing, and identity theft happen. The computer has become an important part of everyday life. Sending letters have been entirely changed by emails. Communications have been dominated by instant and text messaging. Portable storage devices that were an exclusive preserve of Information Technology professionals are now used by the general public. I think you are already getting the idea of why computer forensics are needed. In the event that hacking does occur, the computer forensic will do the following: 1. Like any other investigation, the computer forensic must handle the area as a crime scene. He or she will take digital photographs and secure documentary evidence. This will include printouts, notes and disks in the scene. If you are the one who hired the computer forensic expert, you should leave everything to them. The computer system should be left as is whether it is turned on or off. If the computer was left on, the analyst will gather all the information that he or she can from the running applications. The computer will then be shutdown in a way that the data will not be lost. Doing a standard shutdown or pulling the plug is not an option. Both of these methods may cause the loss or damage of the data in the computer system. 2. The forensic investigator must then document the configuration of the system as you would document a crime scene. This should include the order of hard drives, modem, LAN, storage subsystems, cable connections, and wireless networking hardware. The analyst may make a diagram to go along with the digital photographs. They will also take portable storage devices within the area that may contain substantial evidence. 3. The computer forensic expert must take all the evidence to the lab. This is because the analyst should not examine the evidence in the same hardware. People who engage in cyber crimes are also aware that important data can be retrieved to convict them. Countermeasures, viruses and booby traps may be installed in the system to damage electronic evidence. Analysts take the hard drive in their lab instead to make an exact duplicate of its contents. This process is called Imaging. Analysts have their own tools to make sure that the data is copied completely and accurately. The duplicate will then be verified by an algorithm. The data is then examined and analyzed. The analyst makes a report of his or her findings and the process that was taken during the investigation starting from the acquisition of the data. This evidence will be presented in court if prosecution is necessary. Notable civil engineering projects, whose pioneers included Isambard Kingdom Brunel, contributed to the advancement of railway transport systems. Other advances pioneered in the UK include the marine chronometer, the jet engine, the modern bicycle, electric lighting, the steam turbine, the electromagnet, stereo sound, motion pictures, the screw propeller, the internal combustion engine, military radar, the electronic computer, photography, aeronautics, soda water, IVF, nursing, antiseptic surgery, vaccination and antibiotics. Scientific journals produced in the UK include Nature, the British Medical Journal and The Lancet. In 2006 it was reported that the UK provided 9 percent of the world's scientific research papers and a 12 per cent share of citations, the second highest in the world after the US. In the 1950s the UK had more Physics Nobel Prizes than any other nation, despite its relatively small size.

Why baby boomers should explore the world of returnships

Why baby boomers should explore the world of returnships Those among us who have been in the workforce for a while have no doubt witnessed a tidal wave of change in the work world- everything from technological innovation to globalization and how employers and employees approach the very notion of work has undergone seismic shifts in recent years, and it can be a real challenge to keep up. If you’re someone who has taken a career break- for whatever reason- and are looking to jump back in to employment, the challenge to get up to speed can be even more daunting. On top of this perception gap, your skill set and industry knowledge may need a refresh or revamp.What is a returnship and who is it for?Although this may seem like an insurmountable obstacle, jumping back into an industry in order to build a new career is completely doable. Companies are recognizing that a significant and potentially valuable segment of the workforce consists of those who are looking to return to work after an extended absence, and are making a real effort to help these individuals make the transition back.As a result, we’re seeing a rise in the number of companies that are offering â€Å"returnships,† which are essentially internships for experienced job hunters who are looking to return to work but need a refresher period- to get up to speed regarding changes in their industry and rebuild their skills. In many instances, individuals who re-enter the workforce through a returnship are able to get back on their professional feet, prove themselves, and get satisfying full-time positions.How to find a returnship opportunityDoes this sound like just the sort of opportunity you’re looking for? If so, there are a few options for snagging a returnship. Some companies have established structured returnship programs that you can apply to, and the number of companies who are developing similar initiatives is on the rise.For example, IBM has a formal 12-week reentry program for experienced technologists as part of its initi ative to diversify its workforce and source the best available talent at various levels. You can search directly to determine companies in your industry who have similar programs; often, companies will provide information for applying for returnship and open employment positions directly on their websites. Try creating a targeted list of companies in your field that you’d like to work for, and do some research to determine if they offer returnship or reentry programs that you might be qualified for. If not, you can always contact their HR departments and suggest that they consider starting such a program- if you can effectively convince them of the potential benefits for doing so you just may be among their first set of program participants.Returning to work after an extended absence can be a real challenge in today’s rapidly changing, ultra-competitive work environment- but it certainly isn’t an impossible mission. If you’ve been out of the workforce for a while and are eager to get back in, consider a returnship program in your area. It just might be the perfect bridge between your current situation and full-time employment.

3 Sentence Stumbles

3 Sentence Stumbles 3 Sentence Stumbles 3 Sentence Stumbles By Mark Nichol Each of the sentences below represents a distinct type of careless writing that obfuscates meaning. The statements are followed by discussions and revisions. 1. The strategy includes triggers for alternative contingency plans management has decided to implement if certain predetermined events occur or conditions arise. The reader might misread â€Å"alternative contingency plans management† as an admittedly awkwardly extended noun phrase; although the conjunction that is often optional, inserting it before management clarifies that the noun phrase is â€Å"alternative contingency plans† and that the sentence is referring to such plans in the context of how management is dealing with them: â€Å"The strategy includes triggers for alternative contingency plans that management has decided to implement if certain predetermined events occur or conditions arise.† 2. Too often, organizations set goals that are unrealistic and do not appreciate market complexities. This sentence states that organizations set goals with two qualities: The goals are unrealistic and the goals do not appreciate market complexities. However, the intended meaning is that organizations do two things: Organizations set unrealistic goals and organizations do not appreciate market complexities. To clarify this meaning, the sentence should consist of two independent clauses so that the second point is attributed to organizations, not to goals: â€Å"Too often, organizations set goals that are unrealistic, and they do not appreciate market complexities.† 3. Please join us for a panel discussion on â€Å"The Pros and Cons of Retirement Annuities.† This sentence sets up the expectation that it will end with a description of the panel discussion topic, but what concludes the sentence is the name of the panel discussion itself. The panel discussion’s topic and the name of the panel discussion may consist of the same sequence of words, but they have distinct functions and appearances: One is a generic phrase, and the other is a proper name enclosed in quotation marks. If the phrase has the former purpose, the sentence should read, â€Å"Please join us for a panel discussion on the pros and cons of retirement annuities.† If it has the latter role, style the sentence â€Å"Please join us for a panel discussion, ‘The Pros and Cons of Retirement Annuities’† or â€Å"Please join us for a panel discussion called ‘The Pros and Cons of Retirement Annuities.’† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Meaning of "To a T"3 Cases of Complicated HyphenationPhrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

How to Make Tris Buffer Solution for Medical or Lab Use

How to Make Tris Buffer Solution for Medical or Lab Use Buffer solutions are water-based liquids that include both a weak acid and its conjugate base. Because of their chemistry, buffer solutions can keep pH (acidity) at a nearly-constant level even when chemical changes are taking place. Buffer systems occur in nature, but they are also extremely useful in chemistry. Uses for Buffer Solutions In organic systems, natural buffer solutions keep pH at a consistent level, making it possible for biochemical reactions to occur without harming the  organism. When biologists study biological processes, they must maintain the same consistent pH; to do so they used prepared buffer solutions. Buffer solutions were first described  in 1966; many of the same buffers are used today.  Ã‚   To be useful, biological buffers must meet several criteria. Specifically, they should be water soluble but not soluble in organic solvents. They should not be able to pass through cell membranes. In addition, they must be non-toxic, inert, and stable throughout any experiments for which they are used. Buffer solutions occur naturally in blood plasma, which is why blood maintains a consistent pH between 7.35 and 7.45. Buffer solutions are also used in: fermentation processesdying fabricschemical analysiscalibration of pH metersDNA extraction What Is Tris Buffer Solution? Tris is short for  tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, a chemical compound which is often used in saline because it is isotonic and non-toxic. Because it has a Tris has a pKa of 8.1 and a pH level between 7 and 9, Tris buffer solutions are also commonly used in a range of chemical analyses and procedures including DNA extraction. It is important to know that pH in tris buffer solution does change with the temperature of the solution. Emeldir  / Wikimedia Commons /  CC0 1.0 How to Prepare Tris Buffer It is easy to find commercially available tris buffer solution, but it is possible to make it yourself with the appropriate equipment. Materials: Calculate the amount of each item you need based on the molar concentration of the solution you want and the quantity of buffer you need. tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane  distilled deionized waterHCl Procedure: Start by  determining what concentration (molarity) and volume of Tris buffer you want to make. For example, Tris  buffer solution  used  for  saline  varies from 10 to 100 mM.  Once you have decided what you are making, calculate the number of moles of Tris that are required by multiplying the molar concentration of buffer by the volume of the buffer that is being made.  (moles of Tris mol/L x L)Next, determine how many grams of Tris this is by multiplying the number of moles by the molecular weight of Tris (121.14 g/mol).  Ã‚  grams of Tris (moles) x (121.14 g/mol)Dissolve the Tris into the distilled deionized water, 1/3 to 1/2 of your desired final volume.Mix in HCl (e.g., 1M HCl) until the pH meter gives you the desired pH for your Tris buffer solution.Dilute the buffer with water to reach the desired final volume of solution. Once the solution has been prepared, it can be stored for months in a sterile location at room temperature. Tris buffer solutions long shelf life is possible because the solution does not contain any proteins.

The Early Development and History of Movies Essay

The Early Development and History of Movies - Essay Example It took America a year to catch up, and Edwin S. Porter produced a twenty minute film, The Great Train Robbery. In these two early films, one can see the start of two of movie's most popular genres, the sci-fi movie, and the western film.( ) D.W. Griffith was one of the leading filmmakers of his, and arguably in all of filmmaking. He first stumbled upon Hollywood in 1910, and filmed the first movie there, In Old California. In his career, he filmed over 450 short films, a massive amount for any filmmaker to reach. (Griffith 2006) By 1912 Hollywood became the center of American film and cinema. D.W. Griffith made many leaps and bounds in the now growing field. He used such techniques as multiple cameras and different angels, as well as his use of cross fading, fading in and out, and even flash backs. These are techniques still used today in the film industry, and that greatly add to film as a quality and living art form. () One of his films, The Birth of a Nation, was a three hour long silent film about the American Civil War. Although the film was a marvel technology wise, the portrayal of blacks in the movie help stimulate an already breeding negative image. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People tried to have the filmed banned, and when those efforts failed, they attempted to have certain scenes they found especially revolting censored. D. W.

Individual report information Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Individual report information - Coursework Example These include Hosfede and Trompenaars models among others. This paper aims at demonstrating how multinationals can manage and lead people across the border as well as how the expatriates can be made to improve on their productivity through proper hiring and training them among other motivational factors. Geert Hofstede analysis Due to the use of technology people who are from different workplace do interact in many ways since the world has been globalised. Hofstede cultural dimension theory tries to explain how people from different cultures do communicate and intermingle together due to technology. To explain the theory, Hofstede carried a research on employees and was put in five dimensions of culture. Power distance (PD) Power distance explains how imbalance power exists to individuals either in firms or even in homestead. For example high power distance in the society encourages for unequal distribution of power while a low PD encourages equal power sharing among the members (Chu lman, 1999). In country like Malaysia, a high PD exists among the companies and thus the companies are centralized and management is under strong hierarchical powers from top management to lower level. Individualism (IDV) High individualism shows how one has a loose connection to others and this can also be related in countries which have high IDV meaning the countries have no strong connection with other countries. Low IDV indicates strongly groups among the countries or individual who work together for common goal (Rutherford, 1990). High IDV indicates that a country like US has one of characteristic that it enjoys challenges and in turn it will have to be rewarded due to the hard work and enjoyment of freedom since it will base its challenges as personal and will not involve other stakeholders. Masculinity (MAS) In country like Japan male are regarded as tough due to traditions and seen as superior than females since they are the provider in the families. In high MAS a female wor king in the firm is underrated and thus treated as feminine while in low MAS male and female works together without looking at the professionalism of individuals. The traditions are erased in the society and thus a female can do what a male can do. Uncertainty/Avoidance Index (UAI) Uncertainty considers how individual in the society feel when they are in unknown situation. In high UAI, individual tries to avoid as much as possible and when the situation is unknown they are emotional (Jonathan, 2011). In low UAI, individuals are ready to risk and change is regarded as important to the growth of firms. Individual are concerned with long term goals and not what is currently taking place. Long term orientation (LTO) This shows how traditions to the society still exist up to date. For example, in high LTO families are regarded as the root of the society, grandparents and men are the most respected and authority comes from them (Davis, 2004). Education is a must to the society while low L TO encourages individual to be more creative and respect must be shown to the others in the society. According to Hofstede the theory is important and should be practiced by individuals in their life. Trompenaars theory The theory is based on understanding and how one can manage cultural differences. Universalism versus particularism Universalism is based on individual ownership of property and can be shared when one is willing while particularism is state ownership of prop

Business Assignment about leadership as a business strategy

Business about leadership as a business strategy - Assignment Example Center of discussion in this paper is leadership as one of the best strategies that can assist the companies on the pathway towards growth and success. There are different types of leadership styles that can be practiced by the organizational leaders. A leader can be defined as the person who is capable of influencing and monitoring a cluster of people towards the attainment of common goals. A leader can also be examined as such person who has numerous followers. Furthermore, a leader requires performing his duties well and capable of showing proper path to his group members so that the goals can be achieved. He must be able to convince the followers to follow his path as well as reward them for doing so. Leaders who are focused upon their principles and values tend to be successful at larger scale. There are majorly seven principles that need to be followed by the leaders to be successful. They are accepting accountability, continuation of learning through practice, sincerity, antic ipation of the results, admiration for individuals and families, leading with integrity and establishment of the goals. There are theories presupposing that as the group tends to mature, the leaders are capable of varying his or her leadership style. However, there are leaders who may not change and therefore have a preferred leadership style. There are situations when the leaders may require adapting their leadership style so that they can fit any given situation. Therefore, it is significant for the leaders to be self-aware.... During the times of tough competition and other challenges, the company was engaged in preparing a model that demonstrates the way automakers as well as the CEOs of the company needs to handle the harsh conditions and do the needful. It had been noticed that Mulally was trying to integrate constancy of purposes along with lucidity and teamwork in managing culture at Ford Motors (Yale School of Management, 2010). It was Alan Mulally who had accelerated the company’s restructuring plan. Under his leadership, the huge losses incurred by the company along with the falling market have been reversed, thereby ensuring that the company had a strong balance sheet. It can be noted that it was under his leadership that Ford Motors was successful at selling off Aston Martin, Land Rover as well as Volvo (Yale School of Management, 2010). The esteemed Taurus brand had been revived and the company was capable of expanding the Lincoln brand under the leadership of Alan Mulally. Furthermore, t he stakes held by the company in Mazda was withdrawn. Ford Motors was capable of delivering high quality products which were fuel efficient, elegantly designed and safe. The strategies were so developed by Alan Mulally that the company was successful in meeting the needs and demands of the customers by making complete utilization of the resources. This led to full year profit as noted in 2009 and in the first quarter of 2010. The sales of the company surmounted for all types of products and the best thing to notice is related to the fact that the sales of the company was capable of earning triple to the overall growth of the industry (Yale School of Management, 2010). It had been

Counter-Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Counter-Terrorism - Essay Example Following the Sept. 11th assails, associates of the Bush admin were exceedingly grave of the FISA constraints. Segments of the Patriot Act inflated the laws accomplish to tackle terrorism criminal as well as, representatives of foreign nations. However, when President Bush asked for an extended course of close watch by the National Security Agency (NSA), he chose to evade the FISA route wholly. On the revelation of these unmerited wiretaps by the media in 2005, government bureaucrats debated that working in FISA is supposedly too tiresome. The AEDPA makes the present edition of the customary habeas corpus writ. Conventionally, habeas corpus that factually denotes one ought to have the body is a defense against unlawful imprisonment. Under the law, an individual imprisoned by executive bureaucrats, military officials, guards, and jail wardens could request a court to establish whether his or her imprisonment is endorsed by law. The individual could file an appeal for the writ; also the court needs the executive bureaucrat to react in what is acknowledged as the wit "return". If the jury establishes that the imprisonment infringes the law, it gives the habeas corpus writ. As a component of its reply to the experiences of September 11, in the year 2001, Congress enacted the Patriot Act of the U.S.A. The Act turned out to be effectual right away upon being passed into rule by the nation’s head on October 26 in the year 2001. A section of the Act inflates constraints on the ownership, exploitation and right of entry to biological agents, pollutants and deliverance systems. Before the Act, national law forbade the progress, production, transmission or ownership of whichever biological agent, pollutants, or deliverance system for use as a weapon. The Act significantly expands the law by now prohibiting ownership of a biological agent, pollutants, or deliverance system of a kind or in a measure

Policy Making in the Federal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policy Making in the Federal System - Essay Example Most people in America agree that there is no better healthcare program in the country. However, even the few reforms that are made in the federal government receive much criticism from many. It is evident that a good number of people do not have health insurance policies but the few who have are ever complaining of higher premiums and plans that may hinder them from getting maximum service (Williams, McClellan & Rivlin, 2010). Healthcare has had skyrocketing nature that is believed to outpace even people’s income and inflation yet the quality has continued to be poor. The Affordable Care Act was therefore prompted by the need to extend the insurance coverage t the larger uninsured population and improve the quality of healthcare as well as ensuring affordability in accessing healthcare facilities. The policy intended to address all the challenges facing the health system in the country such as lowering and controlling the ever rising cost of health care (Harrington, 2010). The policy requires that no American should be denied medical insurance cover regardless of the preexisting conditions. Medical history of an individual can no longer deny the person from obtaining medical insurance and therefore would be able to acquire the coverage with no regard to health underwriting. The policy also intends to increase the coverage for uninsured individuals who are almost 3 million Americans. Some of these people will include the 3.1 million aged between 19 and 25 but still in their parents’ plans since they cannot afford the cost of insurance. Whoever cannot afford to pay health insurance are catered for by the federal government through the states which will be required to add this category into their Medicaid program (Harrington, 2010). It is also apparent that this program will reduce the cost of healthcare because a larger

Critical Thinking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical Thinking - Assignment Example ce and its property, critical infrastructure, the government and the military, its installations and deploying forces.† (2000: 2) Hence, homeland security consists of the planning and preparations made at both military and civilian levels to make foolproof arrangements for foiling the external and internal threats challenging the peace and stability of the country. The governments and all other political authorities take essential measures to combat with the external and internal threats by ensuring and improving the strategic measures and defense system of the country on the basis of the available data presenting security threats and perils challenging the very foundations of the country. However, sometimes it so happens that the available statements and statistics are unable to provide accurate information, which causes wrong planning and consequently create great hazards in respect of the security of a country. Thus, the law enforcing agencies and security organizations seek help from the thinkers and intellectuals so that the gathered information could be examined and estimated in a proper way. Since critical thinking aims to analyze and examine the information with the help of reasoning, it provides a wide range of thoughtfulness for assessing the data gathered for different purposes. Hence, critical thinking is also helpful in respect of enhancing the security plans of a country. Critical thinking urges the people to contemplate over the situation in order to draw out appropriate conclusions as well as to find out several alternate solutions to a problem under study. It does not allow making of immediate conclusions on the basis of available information in the form of figures, statements, graphs or other presentation. On the contrary, it lays stress upon viewing the information through different angles in order to explore the hidden aspects of that information that have been concealed under the pile of incorrect information and rigged, engineered and

Policy Making in the Federal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policy Making in the Federal System - Essay Example Most people in America agree that there is no better healthcare program in the country. However, even the few reforms that are made in the federal government receive much criticism from many. It is evident that a good number of people do not have health insurance policies but the few who have are ever complaining of higher premiums and plans that may hinder them from getting maximum service (Williams, McClellan & Rivlin, 2010). Healthcare has had skyrocketing nature that is believed to outpace even people’s income and inflation yet the quality has continued to be poor. The Affordable Care Act was therefore prompted by the need to extend the insurance coverage t the larger uninsured population and improve the quality of healthcare as well as ensuring affordability in accessing healthcare facilities. The policy intended to address all the challenges facing the health system in the country such as lowering and controlling the ever rising cost of health care (Harrington, 2010). The policy requires that no American should be denied medical insurance cover regardless of the preexisting conditions. Medical history of an individual can no longer deny the person from obtaining medical insurance and therefore would be able to acquire the coverage with no regard to health underwriting. The policy also intends to increase the coverage for uninsured individuals who are almost 3 million Americans. Some of these people will include the 3.1 million aged between 19 and 25 but still in their parents’ plans since they cannot afford the cost of insurance. Whoever cannot afford to pay health insurance are catered for by the federal government through the states which will be required to add this category into their Medicaid program (Harrington, 2010). It is also apparent that this program will reduce the cost of healthcare because a larger

United Health Group Essay Example for Free

United Health Group Essay 1.Describe clearly the accounting changes Harnischfeger made in 1984 as stated in Note 2 of its financial statements a.Harnischfeger registered as a net sale the final sales amount of products bought from Kobe instead of only the gross margin received per unit. It has also taken in consideration the financial statements of some subsidiaries (but not all of them) to increase net sales. 2.What is the effect of the depreciation accounting method change on the reported income in 1984? How will this change affect profits in future years? a. In the case of depreciation of some type of assets, Harnischfeger is adjusting its depreciation policy to the straight-line method from accelerated methods, which let the company increased net income as the adjustments are being applied retroactively. This change will increase net income in the coming immediate years, but the depreciation expense will be present for a several more years since the straight-line method is being used. 3.What is the effect of the depreciation lives change? How will this change affect future reported profits? a.As mentioned before since straight-line method will be used, depreciation expenses will be more realistic. The change will increase profits immediately but reduces them in the following years. 4.The depreciation accounting changes assume that Harnischfeger’s plant and machinery will last longer and will lose their value more slowly. Given the business conditions Harnischfeger was facing in its primary industries in 1984, are these economic assumptions justified? a.Yes, I believe it was totally justified since revenues went down to $398,708,000 in 1984 from $447,461,000 in 1982, specially taking in consideration that 1984 revenues include other subsidiaries income that were not part of 1982 financial statements.

The Principles Of Life In Frankensteins Gothic Horror English Literature Essay

The Principles Of Life In Frankensteins Gothic Horror English Literature Essay The story of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is an unforgettable gothic horror story. Written by Mary Godwin Shelley while staying at Lake Geneva, in Switzerland, Frankenstein was inspired by a vivid dream that she had after hearing a conversation about science and the origins of life. In this dream she saw a hideous phantasm of a man stretched out (Querna) and a scientist trying to bring him to life. Thus, the sub-title The Modern Prometheus leads the reader to relate the story to the Greek myth that Prometheus a Greek god stole fire and gave it to mankind (Cohen); it was believed that Prometheus was responsible for the creation of man. In Frankenstein Victor Frankenstein is responsible for creating the monster causing the public to view him as the mad scientist (Shelley 302). This gothic horror Frankenstein is known as more than a bookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..it is a myth and a symbol and inspires an undisclosed secret (315), the principal of life. Mary Shelley uses many themes to give us a v ivid view of the different aspects of life including: humanity, creation and morality. Curiosity is shown in the passage of the story narrated by the monster. The monster is curious about the world around him. As he talks to Victor, he demands Victor as his creator to hear his tale (67). The monster describes some of this curiosity when he tells of his happiness at the discovery of many things in nature including the trees and the clear stream and was delighted when I first discovered that a pleasant sound, which often saluted by ears, proceeded from the throats of the little winged animals (68-69). Thus, his description shows the innocent curiosity of his life and the things he finds around him. He spent many hours watching the family in the cottage learning about their beauty and grace, the way they lived and loved (77-80). The love portrayed throughout Frankenstein also shows humanity. The monster, in his quest to learn about life learns about love from the family in the shack of the De Laceys. Shelley portrays the creature in a way that makes the reader feel sorry for him. He lives alone in a deserted shack fascinated by the closeness and the actions they show to each other including the gentle manners and beauty (75). He learns to read, speak and write during this time. He develops an evident compassion and learns to love the family. He in his kindness and love for the family decides it hurts them if he eats their food because it causes them to go hungry (75). He also realizes it helps them if he gathers their wood. He develops such a love for them that he becomes convinced in his thinking that they would compassionate me, and overlook my personal deformity (88). Shelley suggests that the monster had a great capacity to love as shown in the admiration of the De Lacey family. The monster is sadly disa ppointed when he is rejected and becomes angry learning that he cannot be accepted by society. At this point he again becomes alone and isolated from the world. Isolation is another form of humanity shown by Mary Shelley. The first instance of isolation is apparent when Victor Frankenstein separates himself from his family. He spends hours of his time absorbed in his work and seems to forget his family (33) not even taking the time to reply to his father. The isolation is realized by the monster while observing the cottagers. It is at this point that he decides to reveal himself to the family thinking they will accept him. This starts out well as the old man cant see well. However, it quickly becomes chaotic as the family returns home; they are frightened by his appearance and attack him and dash him to the ground and strike him violently with a stick (91). He is once again alone and isolated as he says his protectors had departed, and broken his only link to the world (93). He realizes the prejudice against his physical appearance. These same prejudices exist today putting limits on how one should look. Anything not considered as what we ca ll normal creates limits on the person that is different. I am sure these misfits in life also feel hurts and torments just as the monster did. Shelley wrote the monster at this point couldnt understand his being and his thoughts went back to his father, his creator (94) the one that had given him life (94). He couldnt understand why he had lived and thus cursed his creator (91). Creation is another theme used by Mary Shelley. Victor Frankenstein spends hour upon hour in his lab working to bring to life a form he develops from the body parts of dead people and live animals. In The Landscape of Grief in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein by Matthew Brennan it is suggested that Frankenstein is Mary Shelleys way of dealing with the death of her mother and her child. Mary Shelley herself had fantasies of resurrecting the dead. After her first, nameless infant died, she dreamed of animating it (3). Mary used Victors obsession as a parallel to her thinking as his sole motivation becomes the infantile desire to animate the dead. This theme of creation matches the fantasy and dreams (Brennan) she has had about bringing the dead people in her family back to life. Shelleys description of how Victor creates his creature is close in resemblance to a human birth. She calls Victors lab a workshop of filthy creation (Shelley 32) indicating this could be the uterus. Shelley also use s the amount of time it takes for a baby to grow Winter, spring and summer passed away during my labours (page 33) suggesting he is taking the place of a women. The creation of Victors human and the animation to life suggests that reproduction would become unnecessary. This creation breaks the normal family structure. Victor also takes on the idea of being a God he thinks: a new species would bless me as its creator and source (32) and implies that the creature would owe him gratification. Upon the accomplishment of his toils he quickly realized that the beauty of his dreams vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart (Shelley 34). His ideas of being a God quickly change when he realizes how ugly his creation is. He then abandons the poor creature refusing to be the father figure that he might have been and alienates himself from society and from the creature. He goes into a state of panic and shock and commences into a state of nervous fear for several months (Shell ey 36). He then spends the following time in the story being tormented by the monster he has created. He thinks he sees the dreaded spectre glide into the room and imagines the monster has seized him (Shelley 37). Upon learning of the murder of his brother Victor travels toward home. During a very violent storm he sees in the gloom a figure, its gigantic stature, and the deformity of its aspect, more hideous than belongs to humanity, instantly informed me that it was the wretch, the filthy daemon to whom I had given life (48). Wherever Victor goes the monster follows him. The monster finally approaches the scientist demanding that you must create a female for me, with whom I can live in the interchange of those sympathies necessary for my being. This you alone can do; and I demand it of you as a right which you must not refuse (98). He threatens Victor for breaking his promise of the creation of a mate. You are my creator, but I am your masterobey! (Shelley 116) he commands to Victo r or I shall be with you on your wedding night the scientist would have seized him, but he eluded him and left the house (Shelley 116). Victor Frankenstein breaks his promise to the monster when he starts questioning the moral issue of creating a second being. The question of morality plays a very important role in Frankenstein. Victor Frankenstein took on the role of God when he assumed the capability of bestowing animation upon lifeless manner ( ). Thus, bringing up the question of what is morally correct. In Frankenstein Victor in trying to create life and take Gods place. It seems Victor loses his sense of morality in his quest to find the knowledge of the secrets of the universe. Also, in his creation of the monster, all of the body parts are stolen from the unhallowed damps of the grave and he has no fear of disturbing the dead. He also gets parts from the torture of living animals (32). Victor Frankensteins loss of morals and ethics bring up the factor of the forbidden and the punishment that comes when a person crosses into this area. In the story of Adam and Eve, they were expelled from the garden because of the forbidden fruit. Victor Frankenstein in this myth crosses into forbidden areas as this tale of a man who overstepped the bounds of what we should know, created life, and then was punished by having his monstrous creation turn on him in the most horrible way (Cohen). This brings up the question also of what is ethically correct. In The Circle of Friends at the Villa Diodai by Mary Shelley, the story assumed mythic dimensions as it addressed profound implications concerning mans understanding of transgressing against God and Nature(add page number if available). Victor Frankenstein forfeits his integrity and he becomes speechless and incapable of communicating with others, the most extreme instance is his inability to testify on Justines behalf and, thereby, becomes responsible for her execution (Abrams). He is ashamed and wants to keep his horrible creation a secret. The creation of a living being brings up the subject of medical ethics. In the medicine of Shelley and Frankenstein by Steven Doherty, medical ethics prevalent during the time of Frankenstein are still relevant today albeit in a different form. Debate over stem cell research and cloning poses the same ethical dilemmas as the creation of Frankensteins monster, and the re-animation of life that scientists in Shelleys day thought possible. This brings up the questions, Can man create life? What would be the benefits to society? Will it be possible to clone a human being? Probably one of the biggest debates would be, what are the moral implications of cloning? According, to the Bible and the creation of mankind by God, cloning as well as the idea in the creation of Frankenstein, this would be a denial of God. Scientist continues to pursue knowledge and to find the secrets of the universe. Christians find this to be wrong. God is the creator and we cannot take his place. Dr. Frankenstein apparently has some conscience nous to this fact towards the end of the story. With the knowledge that Dr. Frankenstein has he feels sorry for the monster and pledges to make him a companion believing that the Creation will do as he says and quit the neighborhood and man, promises the morally corrupt monster upon the completion of his partner. Upon thinking about it, the scientist fears that the monster will not keep his part of the bargain. He gets into a moral battle in his mind realizing the possibility of being rid of his creation if he commits another moral sin and creates another one or the possibility they could become twice the amount of a problem (Shelley 114). It is at this time he decided to act morally. He destroys the second creation that he is in the process of assembling (Shelley 115). Mary Shelley upon this moral realization suddenly calls him the good doctor, trying to act morally, destroys the monster for the good of the world (Cohen). Mary Shelleys gothic horror Frankenstein The Modern Prometheus is a myth she wrote following a dream she had about the principles of life. During the time she wrote the story, the creation of life and re-animation by what were know as mad scientists were a main topic of conversation. Shelleys story was written mainly in regard to the creation of the being, a monster, we call Frankenstein, who remained nameless throughout the story. The principles of her life were shown through the three narrations, the characters and parallelism to things in Frankenstein. To emphasize the principles of life she uses themes of humanity including curiosity, love and isolation to support her view of her personal evils in her life. She also writes using the themes of creation and morality. Her story sends out a message about creation and how moral irresponsibility can create something that was not meant for humanity. The thirst for knowledge can cause one to deny God and the creation process.

Faithing :: Essays Papers

Faithing Faith is an odd sort of virtue. In these days of televangelism, tracts, and the "Christian right," one would be tempted to identify faith with a set of beliefs, a conglomerate of successive religious propositions that one has accepted; a branch of one’s "mental furniture," so to speak. However, to limit one’s definition of faith to this narrow band is to do faith itself a disservice. In the history of literature and philosophy alike, there are those who have conceived of faith rather differently. Among these are Myles Connolly and Sà ¸ ren Kierkegaard in their respective works Mr. Blue and Judge for Yourself! What these men seek to effect is not so much a redefinition of faith as a refinement and expansion it. Principles, yes, they say; but furthermore, actions flowing out of those principles. This type of faith is thus characterized not only by beliefs, but also the natural actions that come from those beliefs. In this way, faith becomes something that envelopes a per son’s whole being; it is transmuted into a complete orientation for one’s life. This type of faith, extolled by Kierkegaard, is embodied in the character of J. Blue in Myles Connolly’s book Mr. Blue. Blue was a rather singular person to say the least. At the very beginning of the book, the narrator says the following of Blue: I have not the slightest doubt he would have been †¦ immensely happy in a poorhouse. He had no money. When by accident he happened upon some he gave it away. He worked here and there for his meals and a place to sleep. He roamed eastern United States and really did get abroad. The while he lived gloriously, and, withal, religiously. He impressed one as a sort of gay, young, and gallant monk without an Order. Or perhaps his Order was life, and the world his monastery. (15) Such a person was Blue. He had little interest in possessions, he was much more entranced by a bright splash of color, a marching band, or a sunset viewed off the top of a skyscraper. But above all, his profession, if he could be said to have one, was people. Blue was in love with people, his eyes sparkled for them, his mind was on fire for them, his heart bled for them. Blue’s idea of the ultimate life project was to establish what he called the "Spies of God," an unorganized group of people that simply went around loving other people, people in need, poor people.